Chess

In many countries playing chess in a common pastime, and knowing chess can work as a way to befriend locals. There are many parks with giant chess boards and chess pieces, allowing visitors to play, and a miniature chess board can be carried when travelling.

History

Chess is believed to have originated in India before the 7th century, where it was originally called chaturanga. Although no rules of chaturanga survive, the game was so popular that it spread to Persia by the 7th century, where a local variant known as shatranj developed. The game would subsequently spread from Persia to Europe, where it would eventually evolve into modern chess.
While chess has been played worldwide for centuries, it was widely taught in the Soviet Union, and remains a spectator sport in Russia and other post-Soviet countries. Russians abroad usually find each other through chess clubs.

Rules

Chess is played on an 8x8 board. Each player starts the game with 8 pawns, 2 rooks, 2 knights, 2 bishops, 1 queen and 1 king, all of which start in specific positions, as shown on this page. The objective of the game is to capture the opponent's king. Gameplay is always started by the player in white.
Each piece has its own specific moveset, and the capturing of an opponent's pieces is generally done by moving onto the space occupied by that piece. The rooks may move any number of spaces horizontally or vertically. The knights move following an "L" shape, which is two spaces horizontally followed by one space vertically, or two spaces vertically followed by one space horizontally, and are the only pieces that may jump over intervening pieces. The bishops may move any number of spaces diagonally. The queen may move any number of spaces horizontally, vertically or diagonally, while the king may move one space in any direction. The pawns may only move one space forward, but may move two spaces forward only from their starting position. Unlike the other pieces, the pawns do not capture in the same direction that they normally move, and can only capture pieces by moving one space diagonally forward. Pawns that reach the other end of the board may be promoted to any piece other than a king, though in practice a pawn is usually promoted to a queen due to it being the most powerful piece.
There are also two special moves that may be executed under very specific conditions. The first is known as castling, in which the king moves two spaces towards a rook, and the corresponding rook moves over the king to the next space. This may only be executed if neither the king nor rook involved have previously moved, there are no intervening pieces between the king and the rook, the king is not in check, and the king does not pass through any spaces that are under attack. The second special move is known as the en passant pawn capture. If a pawn advances two spaces from its starting position and could have been captured by the opponent's pawn had it only advanced one space, the opponent can then on their next turn capture that pawn as if it had only advanced one space. This move may only be executed on the turn immediately after the opponent's pawn advances two spaces, and a player that decides otherwise may not do so on subsequent turns.
Whenever a player's king is in danger of being captured in its current position, it is said to be in check. If a player's king is in danger of being captured in its current position, and there are no legal moves that can allow the king to avoid capture, it is known as checkmate, and that player has lost the game. Should the king not be in danger in its current position, but there is no move that can be made without putting the king in danger, this is called stalemate, and is regarded as a draw. A draw can also result from there not being enough pieces left for making checkmate, the same position repeating thrice, a large number of moves with no irreversible changes (no captures or pawn moves), or by the players deciding so (seeing neither can win).
If you touch a piece you are usually required to move it, and as soon you let it go the move is definite. One reason for this is not to allow faking moves to see the opponent's reaction. If a piece is off position and you want to correct it without making a move, say J'adoube (French for "I adjust").
When playing informally the players are normally allowed to think about any move for quite a long time. In tournaments and when time is limited a chess clock can be used, restricting thinking to a specific amount of time, for all the game or for a certain number of moves (or with added time for every move done). For classical games the time is 60 min per player or more, with shorter times making time administration an important factor. With times down to around 2·5 min (blitz chess, bullet chess) most moves must be made without serious thinking.

Tactics

In beginners' play the focus is usually in getting to capture valuable pieces from the opponent without losing as much oneself, and in tricks to get checkmate. In more advanced chess focus is on having the pieces occupy spaces where they are hard to threaten but can restrict the opponent's movements or easily regroup. A more skilful player can often lure a beginner to move around without accomplishing much, while using every move to get his or her own pieces towards good positions. The pieces are often valued as follows: queen 9–10 pawns, rooks 5, bishops and knights 3. The value also depends on the situation, such that rooks and bishops are more valuable in the endgame (when they can move more freely) than in the beginning, a pair of bishops (one for white spaces and one for black spaces) is worth more than the double of one bishop, and a piece in a good position is worth more than otherwise.
The play is too complicated for anyone to analyse more than a few moves forward. It is said good players analyse as many moves as a beginner, but the important moves. For the first several moves of a game it is common to use well studied standard openings. Trying to find one the opponent does not master is a good tactic, but masters usually know all relevant ones. In the middle of the game more general strategy – and intuition – has to be used. The endgame, where most pieces can move relatively freely, is a third part with its own character, with even one pawn more, or a slightly better configuration of pawns, often being decisive.

Notation

Important games and chess puzzles are often written down. The script is based on the chess board columns named a–h and rows 1–8, with the near left-hand corner from the white players perspective being a1 (a black space). Moves are written à la Raf3 for the rook on column a moving to f3. If the rook captures a piece there it would be written Raxf3 instead. Some redundant information is left out: the move would be written Rxf3 if unambiguous, the pawn in front of the king moving two steps forward is written e4, as no other pawn can get there (piece initials vary by language, in English knight is N to distinguish from king). Usually the script is in columns, with move number, white's move and black's move on each row. Sometimes commentary is added: "?" for a mistake, "!" for a good move, "!?" for an interesting one.

• ElistaEnvisioned as the world capital of chess by the eccentric local dictator, who is said to be a chess lover of fanatical proportions, the capital of the autonomous Republic of Kalmykia has a suburb dubbed Chess City, built from scratch in the barren deserts. Unsurprisingly, outdoor chess sets abound as do chess-themed artwork. Many international tournaments are regularly held, and it is not uncommon that the winners are rewarded with a diamond tiara, while much of the local population remains in poverty.

Museums

• World Chess Hall of Fame

  phone: +1 314 367-9243
  address: 4652 Maryland Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri
  St Louis has become the U.S. capital of chess, with many of the U.S.'s top players and university teams in the city. The U.S. and World Chess Halls of Fame are at this address. You can see exhibitions about the sport of chess.

• Gökyay Association Chess Museum

  address: Altındağ, Ankara
  The largest chess set collection in the world.

• Bobby Fischer Center

  phone: +354 894 1275
  address: Austurvegur 21, Selfoss
  Small museum dedicated to United States born chess grandmaster Bobby Fischer, with a strong focus on his famous match with USSR grandmaster Boris Spassky in 1972

• Deep Blue

  address: Computer History Museum, Mountain View, California
  Deep Blue was built by IBM and was the first computer to defeat a chess world champion in both a game and match when it competed against Garry Kasparov in 1997. (There was some controversy afterwards, with speculation that some moves had been interventions by the human chess players, although this was never proven. Additionally only Deep Blue had had the possibility to study its opponent's games.)

• Max Euwe Centrum

  phone: +31 20 6257017
  address: Max Euweplein 30-a, 1017 MB, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  History of chess and history of Max Euwe who was a World Chess Champion.

Outdoor chess sets

• Giant Chess Set Project

  address: Medicine Hat
  The world's largest chess set. The tallest piece — the king — is 4 feet tall, and the heaviest piece — the knight — weighs in at approximately . Passers-by are free to stop by for a game on this massive chess board.

• Chess and Checkers House

  address: Central Park, New York City

• Chess Park

  phone: +1 310-458-8450
  address: 1652 Ocean Front Walk, Santa Monica, California
  Tables with chess boards, plus a human scale board with large pieces available for checkout.

There are numerous professional chess tournaments around the world that pit top players against each other. Perhaps the best known among them is the World Chess Championship, which is held every two years in even years. The final for the 2018 World Chess Championship took place in London, United Kingdom from 9–28 November, and saw Magnus Carlsen of Norway defeat Fabiano Caruana of the United States to win his fourth straight title.

• Human Chess Game

  address: Marostica, Italy
  Every two years in even years at the end of September, the Italian town of Marostica has a tradition of playing chess with people playing the pieces in costume, and orders given in the local Venetian language. Another lesser known event in the nearby city of is the Giostra della Rocca, held on the 2nd and 3rd weeks of September every year, which features a human chess tournament at the beginning of the festival.

Many parts of the world, especially Europe, have had a long history of making ornamental chess sets. These can often been found in specialist chess shops, and the most exclusive sets have been known to be sold for millions of U.S. dollars. That said, depending on the material and craftsmanship, most ornamental chess sets are available in the range of several hundred to several thousand U.S. dollars.
In parts of South America, some local markets have vendors that sell locally made chess sets that have been inspired by indigenous designs.

• Xiangqi