Chicago skyline guide

See Architecture for more on Chicago's skyscrapers and some of their shorter, notable counterparts.
In the late 19th century, Chicago's downtown was an ideal location for architects of ambition; the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 had literally gutted the downtown area, creating a relentless drive to re-build and ample space in which to do it. Chicago's engineers solved the problem of the load-bearing wall, liberating structures from the limits of what a masonry foundation could support. Built in 1885, William LeBaron Janney's 10-story Home Insurance Building was the first to use a steel-frame skeleton to support its walls — at one-third of the weight of a structure using conventional means. Real estate prices and building heights soared in the years that followed, but the boom years of the 1920s financial bubble saw an unprecedented wave of skyscrapers that shattered previous records for size, including the still-extant Mather Tower, Tribune Tower, and later the Chicago Board of Trade.
The second wave, oddly enough, occurred during the 1960s and 70s, when urban centers across America were experiencing white flight and severe population decline. The answer of Chicago's first Mayor Daley was simple: build, and then build some more. As a result, while the residential population spread across a wide range of suburbs, commercial activity remained fixed at the center of the city. It was during this time when Chicago gained its most famous modern skyscrapers, including the three of the tallest: the Sears Tower, the Aon Center, and the John Hancock Center. (It was also during this time — as occurred during the first wave — when a giant swathe of early skyscrapers were recklessly demolished.)
The third wave of supertall construction hit in the beginning of the 21st century. Driven by downtown Chicago's residential real estate boom (the hottest in the country prior to the 2007–2008 financial crisis), existing buildings were converted from office space to condominiums and hotels, and builders raced to erect some of the world's tallest buildings, which have radically re-shaped the city's skyline. The most obvious result of the building spree is the Trump Tower, the fourth tallest building in the U.S., and second in Chicago only to the Sears Tower. Following the financial crisis, though, construction on several very high profile buildings ground to an abrupt halt as virtually all sources of credit dried up, rendering some of the most intriguing projects mere flights of fancy, relegated to the dustbin of counterfactual history, including the once highly anticipated Chicago Spire.

Using this guide, you should be able to figure out what buildings you are looking at from any of Chicago's most popular skyline-gazing spots. The CTA Red Line is the best means for reaching most of the viewing points that follow; see individual district articles for more detailed directions.
The most popular views of Chicago's skyline are over Lake Michigan from the east. The two main locations for easterly views are:
The Loop view from Adler Planetarium:


and the Near North Side view from Navy Pier:


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The clearest view from the North Side is at Uptown's Montrose Point:


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The most popular view from the South Side is at US Cellular Field:


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And a typical West Side view can be found at Ashland L Station on the CTA Green/Pink Line, near the United Center:


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But perhaps even more remarkable are the views from the skyline itself, particularly the John Hancock Center Observatory:


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and the Sears Tower Skydeck:

The following is a reference list of Chicago skyscrapers, in descending order by height, listed on the views maps. For directions, maps and information for buildings that are open to visitors, see individual district articles. All but one of these buildings can be found in the Loop and the Near North.

The top ten

• Willis Tower

  address: 233 S Wacker Dr
  1451 ft. The Sears Tower, long the tallest building in the world, today has to settle for second tallest in the Americas, as it trails the height of New York City's One World Trade Center by most (but not all!) measures. It was built for Sears, Roebuck, and Company in 1974 by Bruce Graham of Skidmore, Owings, and Merill. The innovative design successfully handled the challenges of air flow and elevator/emergency support for an unprecedented number of people, but the employees at Sears' formerly collegial suburban campus complained that it handled the challenges too well — they never saw anyone outside their own departments any more! Sears is no longer the building's major tenant, and the corporate naming rights have been whored out to the Willis Group, but a number of other, smaller firms have offices in the building, which also features Chicago's most visited observation deck on the 103rd floor.

• The Trump Tower

  address: 401 N Wabash Ave
  1362 ft. The Trump Hotel and luxury residential building is the newest member of the Chicago skyline, completed at the beginning 2009, and the tallest after the Sears Tower—indeed, it is the fourth tallest in the United States. Trump intended for it to be the tallest in the world, but decided to scale back the plans to a mere "second tallest in North America" (after the Sears Tower) following the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The design features three prominent setbacks at the height of nearby buildings: the Wrigley Building, Marina City, and 330 N Wabash, which, combined with its singularly reflective exterior, allow this supertall to blend into the skyline, almost to the point where you could overlook it. As intended, the building reflects and interacts with the Chicago skyline, rather than imposing itself upon it with its great height. Regardless, you will not likely miss this building, and it's plenty interesting to examine — its asymmetric form ensures that you will see something quite different from any different vantage point.

• Aon Center

  address: 200 E Randolph St
  1136 ft. Originally known as the Standard Oil Building, The Aon Center is America's fifth tallest building from base to roof, and sixth by architectural detail. It was built by Standard Oil of Indiana in 1972 by architect Edward Stone. The building was later renamed the Amoco Building when Standard Oil of Indiana rebranded itself. The building was initially faced with marble, but the windy city began to blow the marble off the sides of the building—or so the legend goes. Actually, the Italian Carrara white marble slabs had undergone significant hysteresis as a result of the winter/summer seasonal changing temperature, and the marble was removed as a defensive measure to avoid potential liability from injury and damage if any of the slabs did fall. The entire building was refaced with granite, a costly job at around half of the original cost of the entire building! It is now named after its biggest tenant, the Aon Corporation, a risk management firm.

• 875 North Michigan Avenue

  address: 875 N Michigan Ave
  1127 ft. The John Hancock Center is the seventh tallest skyscraper in the U.S. and, if you include its very long antennae, the eighth tallest in the world from base to pinnacle. The building was a pioneer of several architectural features designed by Skidmore Owings and Merrill, with Fazlur Khan, a Bangladeshi-American structural engineer. According to the logic of the structural expressionist school, these features are visible and emphasized, lending the building its originality. Most notable is the building's pioneering use of X-bracing—if you don't know what this means, you will when you see it. There is a great view from the Observation Deck on the 94th floor and a fine restaurant on the 95th. Floors 45 through 92 contain more than 700 condominiums.

• Franklin Center

  address: 227 West Monroe St
  1007 ft. Built by Adrian Smith in 1989, the granite-clad AT&T Corporate Center is one of the city's more distinctive skyscrapers for its massive size, spiked roof pinnacles, and a style evocative of both Gothic and Japanese architectural styles.

• Two Prudential Plaza

  address: 180 N Stetson Ave
  995 ft. This tower was built and connected to the original Prudential One for the Prudential Financial Corporation in 1990.

• 311 South Wacker Drive961 ft. This is perhaps the tallest building in the world without an official name, although locals know exactly what to call it: The White Castle Building. It is distinctive for its "crown," which is brightly illuminated at night. If you are nearby, head into its lobby to see its enormous indoor garden and fountain.

• 900 North Michigan871 ft. This skyscraper is a vertical shopping mall on the Magnificent Mile, anchored by Bloomingdales in the back and the Four Seasons Resort between the towers. It's especially visible at night when its four "lanterns" are lit up.

• Water Tower Place

  address: 845 N Michigan Ave
  859 ft. This is the pioneer vertical mall on the Magnificent Mile and is home to the luxurious Ritz-Carlton Hotel, a ton of retailers, and some of Chicago's swankiest apartments. (Oprah's selling her rooftop mansion for around $5.5 million, in case you're interested.)

• Chase Tower

  address: 21 S Clark St
  850 ft. At the exact epicenter of CTA's Loop transit system, this building is distinctive for its vertical curve. The building opened in 1969 as First National Plaza. In 1998, it was renamed Bank One Tower, and became the Chase Tower in 2005 after Bank One merged with Chase.

Shorter, but proud

• Park Tower

  address: 800 N Michigan Ave
  844 ft. This very narrow skyscraper houses the Park Hyatt at the street level and luxury condos in the upper levels. It is one of the tallest buildings in the world that lack a steel frame, constructed of pre-cast concrete.

• Aqua

  address: 225 N Columbus Dr
  823 ft. The biggest American project ever to be headed by a woman, Jeanne Gang's skyscraper was named the world's best new building by Emporis when it opened in 2009 (four spots ahead of the Trump Tower across the river). Its most distinguishing feature is its series of undulating balconies, which extend as far as twelve feet from the building's walls, giving the building a surreal "rippling" effect. It uses an unforgettable curtain wall that compliments wavy balconies. Though impressive from any angle, it's best viewed relative to its "water" — either from a boat tour or the riverwalk over in the Near North.

• Legacy Tower

  address: 21-39 S Wabash
  822 ft. This very visible and hotly anticipated tower brought 360 new condos onto the downtown market, right in the heart of the Loop in 2009. Its immense height, its location looming above Millennium Park, and its striking, slender form have made this building one of the most visually arresting additions to the skyline throughout the 2000s construction boom.

• Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower

  address: 300 E Randolph
  797 ft. Originally a 33 story building, Chicago's health insurance colossus decided to expand towards the heavens, adding an extra 24 floors, up from 411 ft, to become one of the city's taller skyscrapers. The building was designed to allow for construction of additional floors, and was the first building to gain in height in city history.

• 300 N LaSalle785 ft. A major sustainable design project completed in 2009, extending the Chicago River's skyscraper canyon, and as an added bonus destroying a hideous riverfront parking garage.

• Three First National Plaza

  address: 70 W Madison St
  767 ft. This huge office building, just north of the Chase Tower, was built in 1981. Its nine-story atrium features Henry Moore's gigantic statue, Large Internal-External Upright Form.

• Grant Thornton Tower

  address: 161 N Clark St
  756 ft. This 1992 building's slanted roof is brightly illuminated at night.

• One Museum Park

  address: 1215 S Prairie Ave
  734 ft. One of the newest members of the Chicago skyline, and the tallest building in Chicago south of Van Buren St by far. It's the first real building on Grant Park's budding south wall, and serves as its soaring centerpiece.

• Olympia Centre

  address: 737 N Michigan Ave
  725 ft. Built in 1986, this is a tall red granite building, hard to miss on the Magnificent Mile for its red coloring and tapering shape as it goes up. Mostly residential.

• 330 N Wabash695 ft. This is Mies van der Rohe's second tallest building, built in 1973 for IBM. IBM has since left the building, and the American Medical Association is expected to move its headquarters there in September 2013. The other big new tenant in 2013 is the Langham hotel, on the lower floors.

Even shorter, but still rising above the crowd

• Waldorf Astoria

  address: 11 E Walton St
  686 ft. A thin skyscraper finished in 2010 on Chicago's Gold Coast, housing the Waldorf hotel, million+ dollar luxury condos (of course), and ground-level stores. It sports a faux-stone façade, a faux-French style roof, and general faux-taste.

• 111 S Wacker681 ft. Built in 2001, an attractive blue glass building. But the lobby is the most interesting sight, as its unique spiraling ceiling is actually the floor of the building's parking garage.

• One Magnificent Mile

  address: 980 N Michigan Ave
  673 ft. An odd bundle of four hexagonal tubes, each at different heights. Those heights were carefully chosen and placed to aid Oak Street Beach sunbathers by ensuring the buildings shadow would never shade the sand!

• 77 West Wacker

  address: 77 W Wacker Dr
  662 ft. This 1992 building is one of Chicago's more attractive skyscrapers and has a classical theme to its design. Notable current tenants include the corporate headquarters of Archer Daniels Midland.

• Daley Center

  address: 55 W Washington St
  648 ft. The 1965 Daley Center is Chicago's principal civic center and boasts a gigantic Picasso statue on the adjacent plaza. A true Chicago landmark, the Daley Center was featured in The Blues Brothers, who drive across Daley Plaza and crash through the glass walls of the building. The Mies-esque design was intended to age visibly: the color has faded in a rust-like direction from exposure to the elements.

• Lake Point Tower

  address: 505 N Lake Shore Dr
  645 ft. This high-class, curvy residential tower stands by Navy Pier as the city's lone building east of Lake Shore Dr. It was built in 1968 by two students of Mies van der Rohe and has been home to some famous Chicagoans, including Sammy Sosa and Alice Cooper.

• Leo Burnett Building

  address: 35 W Wacker Dr
  635 ft. The RR Donnelly Building's neighbor, the Leo Burnett building is most notable for its rough textured exterior, and for the steel bars splitting its windows down the center. Built in 1989 for Leo Burnett Worldwide, a major advertising agency.

• The Heritage

  address: 130 N Garland Court
  631 ft. This 2005 arrival is a very successful office and residential building, owing to its favorable location just across the street from Millennium Park. Its distinctive convex and concave curves intentionally mirror those of Millenium Park's Pritzker Pavilion across the street.

• Chicago Board of Trade

  address: 141 W Jackson Boulevard
  605 ft. When it was built in 1930, it was the tallest building in Chicago and remained so for 35 years. The building still houses the Chicago Board of Trade, as well as its competitor, the U.S. Futures Exchange, and is a registered National Historic Landmark. As the building is in a sense a monument to the world of commodities trading, it's appropriate that the thirty foot statue on top is of Ceres, the Roman goddess of grain. To the left and right of the building on the street level you'll find another two sculptures, one dedicated to industry and the other to agriculture.

• CNA Plaza

  address: 325 S Wabash Ave
  600 ft. This 1972 International Style building would blend in to the background of the cityscape, were it not for its bright red paint job. It also lights up rooms at night to occasionally display messages, from "Go Bears" to "Obama."

• Marina City

  address: 300 N State St
  588 ft. One of the Chicago skyline's most distinctive features are the 1964 twin concrete corncob towers of Marina City. They are mostly residential, with precarious looking parking on the lower middle levels, and house the House of Blues concert hall and hotel on the bottom. Its apartments are "wedge-shaped" and the building is unique (among other things) for having no interior right angles. The building was used in the movie Bullet in which a car plunges off one of the parking garage levels into the Chicago River below.

Last, but not least

• Smurfit-Stone Building

  address: 150 N Michigan Ave
  582 ft. Anyone who has seen Adventures in Babysitting should immediately recognize this 1984 building, as its slanted roof (lit up at night) played a very important role in the film's climax. Although popular opinion holds that the building was intended as an, ahem, anti-phallic complement to Chicago's many masculine skyscrapers, the architectural firm who designed the building strenuously denies it.

• Mid-Continental Plaza

  address: 55 E Monroe St
  582 ft. Although not among the very tallest, this 1972 skyscraper is one of Chicago's (and the world's) most massive buildings. It has no setbacks and covers a full city block.

• Onterie Center

  address: 446 E Ontario St
  570 ft. Named after the two streets at its base, Ontario and Erie, the 1985 Onterie center features prominently the diagonal x-bracing structure, dedicated to the pioneer of that structure, Fazlur Khan, the structural engineer behind the John Hancock Center and Sears Tower. It is a mixed-use structure with retail, office, and residential space.

• Chicago Temple Building568 ft. A skyscraper church; the tallest church building (but not the tallest church; see Ulm) in the world. Completed in 1924, it is home to the First United Methodist Church of Chicago. The first floor is occupied by a "sanctuary" two stories tall with seating for 1,000 people, but the really cool sanctuary is "Sky Sanctuary" at the base of the steeple (room for 30). Most floors house religious offices.

• Palmolive Building

  address: 919 N Michigan Ave
  565 ft. This art deco Chicago landmark was built in 1929 for the Colgate-Palmolive Company, but became better known for its next tenant, the Playboy Company. The building really stands out on nights when its powerful beacon lights up the Chicago sky. Although previously sweeping a full circle, the beacon is now limited so as to not intrude upon the taller buildings around it. The building is being converted for residential use.

• Kluczynski Federal Building

  address: 219 S Dearborn St
  545 ft. This skyscraper was built in 1975, designed by Mies van der Rohe. The building is named for the Illinois 5th district congressman John Kluczynski, who served from 1951–1979. An adventurous (and oddly urban) raccoon may have set a raccoon world climbing record by reaching the scaffolding on the 36th floor in 2006.

• Mather Tower

  address: 75 E Wacker Dr
  521 ft. This 1928 building is instantly recognizable for its slim octagonal tower, which houses the smallest floors in Chicago. In 2000, the terra cotta crown began to fall off and was removed and subsequently replaced by helicopter.

• Carbide and Carbon Building

  address: 230 N Michigan Ave
  503 ft. The Carbide and Carbon building is a beautiful 1929 Art Deco tower covered in dark green terra cotta and adorned with a gold terra cotta leaf at the pinnacle. It is rumored that the architects, the Burnham Brothers, intended the building to resemble a bottle of champagne. It's easily one of Chicago's most attractive buildings, a point not lost on Kazakh director Bekmambetov, who shot the opening scene to his Hollywood blockbuster, Wanted, right up at the gold pinnacle.

• 680 N Lake Shore Dr474 ft. This 1924 building was the largest building in the world at the time of its construction and was originally known as the American Furniture Mart. If you are looking at the Near North from Navy Pier at night, its illuminated blue roof is pretty hard to miss.

• Intercontinental Chicago

  address: 505 N Michigan Ave
  471 ft. Truly one of Chicago's most intriguing buildings. The exterior pales in comparison to the lavish and impressively eccentric 1920s medieval and oriental fantasy. That is, of course, with the exception of what appears to be a Persian mosque serving as the building's pinnacle. The building was constructed in 1929 for the fabulously wealthy old boys club members of the Medinah Club, who never intended to let non-members enter the enormous building. Today, however, it is a hotel and anyone can (and should) slip in to see the various wonders. Wander up the seven floor staircase from the lobby, and try to hunt out the Hall of Lions on the second floor, the Spanish Court on the fifth and sixth along with the King Arthur Court on the fifth, the Grand Ballroom and the Assyrian reliefs on the eighth, and the Sumerian warriors on the twelfth.

• Tribune Tower

  address: 435 N Michigan Ave
  462 ft. The Chicago Tribune's home was built in 1925 following an international design competition. The neo-Gothic winner remains one of Chicago's most distinguished landmarks. The building's walls contain rocks from many famous world landmarks, including: the Taj Mahal, the Parthenon, the Great Pyramid, the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, the Great Wall of China, the Berlin Wall, and most recently from the demolished World Trade Center. The Tribune Tower even managed to get its hands on a moon rock, but so far NASA hasn't allowed it to add the rock to the wall.

• Equitable Building

  address: 401 N. Michigan Ave
  457 ft. Completed in 1965. Built on the grounds of John Kinzie’s log cabin and site of Cyrus McCormick’s invention of the reaper in 1847. The building’s plaza is surrounded by views of the Wrigley Building, Tribune Tower, Chicago River, and Michigan Avenue.

• Dirksen Federal Building

  address: 219 S Dearborn St
  383 ft. This building was built by Mies van der Rohe in 1964 and is named after former Illinois senator and minority leader Everett McKinley Dirksen.

• Metropolitan Correctional Center

  address: 71 W Van Buren St
  287 ft. While not very tall, this 1975 brutalist structure is one of the most distinctive and curious in the Chicago skyline. As its name suggests, it is a vertical prison skyscraper and its sharp triangular shape is designed to minimize the amount of time that it takes to patrol its corridors. Its prisoners have some of the prison world's best views as their exercise yard is on top of the roof, although the narrow slits serving as windows do not allow such nice views from the cells. The prison houses male and female convicts of all security levels.

Under construction

After the events of September 11, 2001, it was proposed that the era of the super-tall skyscraper was over; people did not want to live or work in what were, essentially, big attack targets. Funding dried up for a while, and modest designs were the word of the day.
That didn't last long. Chicago is too wrapped up in the idea of the skyscraper to stop building them, and in time, the economic backing returned: Chicago's downtown underwent an unprecedented residential real estate and construction boom over the next six years, leading Forbes Magazine to declare the 60602 zip code the hottest in the country. Things slowed down following the financial collapse, but the air is still filled with cranes and scaffolding and dreams—expect the construction to pick up faster than the economy.
Real estate recovery seems no longer a matter of speculation as of 2013, with a ream of new supertall constructions beginning. Perhaps the most anticipated project of late is the set of three skyscrapers slated to go up on Wolf Point at the western bend of the Chicago River downtown, with the tallest registering at 950 ft. That will make for a busy section of town, given the construction of 650 ft River Point just across the river!

• OneEleven

  address: 111 W Wacker Dr
  650 ft. This building was intended to open in 2009 to house luxury condos and the Shangri-La Hotel, slated to be Chicago's fifth tallest upon completion at 1047 ft. Such exciting plans have been deflated, though—in 2008 the project went on hold mid-construction, as there were financial problems related to turmoil in credit markets, and the proposed height slashed nearly in half.