Luzon

Mainland

Luzon is geographically composed of the mainland area and numerous smaller islands, and is split up into regions due to its size. Wikivoyage regions mostly follow the Philippine government's administrative divisions, with exceptions noted below.

The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) is named here as Luzon Cordilleras, but can be simply referred to as the "Cordilleras".

Outlying islands

Luzon also includes smaller islands that are grouped with the province they are associated with, but there are small outlying islands and archipelagic provinces considered as smaller regions for Wikivoyage purposes:

• − Group of islands off the northern coast of Luzon, and home to the Ivatan people. While administratively part of Cagayan Valley, it is treated separately here.

• − Heart-shaped island south of Quezon.
• – Large and sparsely populated island south of Batangas. Popular as a diving destination.
• − Archipelago province with a culture and language closer to those in the Visayas.

MIMAROPA (Mindoro, Marindique, Romblon and Palawan) is an administrative region under Luzon, but its islands are treated as separate regions and destinations in this guide.
In the Philippine administrative system, Palawan is treated as part of Mimaropa and therefore of Luzon. Wikivoyage treats it as a separate fourth region of the country, where the other three are Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
Masbate and Catanduanes lie off the coast of Luzon, and are grouped with Bicol due to linguistic and cultural ties.

• - the national capital, known for its blend of urban development and historical character
• - one of the fastest growing cities in the Philippines. Home to the Clark Freeport Zone, a 4,500-hectare business and leisure hub, and to Clark Airport
• - popularly known for being the Christmas Capital of the Philippines. The city holds the annual Giant Lantern Festival every December which draws a lot of tourists
• - the regional center of Calabarzon. The birthplace of the country's national hero Jose Rizal and also home to hot spring resorts.
• - the Pilgrimage Capital of the Philippines which is known for its old churches and scenic views of the bustling metropolis of Manila.
• - the City of Fun and Adventure, renowned for its beautiful natural scenery dominated by the iconic Mayon Volcano.
• - known as the summer capital of the country due to its cool climate. Also known as the City of Pines.
• - the financial and cosmopolitan capital of the Philippines. Home to towering skyscrapers, five star hotels, posh shopping malls and upscale restaurants

• - location of the "Hundred Islands". Home to a total of 123 small islands with pristine beaches
• - home of the almost perfectly-cone shaped volcano Mayon volcano
• and Batad - famed rice terraces
• - beach activities, diving sites, old Spanish churches and the scenic Taal lake and volcano
• - ruins, historical shrines and World War II military installations
• - creamy white sand and pristine waters with abundant marine resources
• - white sand beaches with crystal clear waters
• - beautiful hikes, majestic caves, hanging coffins and serene mountains
• - resorts, beaches and a special economic zone
• - cool climate, lush terrains and scenic views of the Taal Lake with its volcano
• - cobblestone streets, horse-drawn carriages and heritage houses. This Spanish colonial town is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Luzon is the Philippines' largest and most populous island, occupying 110,000 km 2 (43,000 sq miles), a bit over a third of the Philippines land area, but it has more than half the country's population. It is the fourth most populated island in the world, behind Java, Honshu, and Britain.
The island is divided into three major cultural regions. Ilocano and Igorot cultures dominate the northern side. Tagalogs consider central and southern Luzon (which includes Metro Manila) their homeland, alongside smaller ethnic groups including the Kapampangan, while the Bicolano people inhabit the southeastern tip and outlying islands like Catanduanes and Masbate. There are other indigenous peoples that form sizeable minorities like the Aeta (Negritos) of mainland Luzon and the Mangyan of Mindoro.

By plane

Luzon is served by four international airports; Manila is the country's main gateway, Clark has many low-cost airlines and the remaining two are minor international airports.
Ninoy Aquino International Airport or NAIA (MNL) in Metro Manila is the Philippine's premier gateway, the busiest airport in the country and the 44th busiest in the world. It is operating beyond its designed capacity and is often rated as one of the worst airports on earth, though this has improved in recent years. Part of the problem is that there are four terminals and transport between them is not convenient.
NAIA is a major hub for both Philippine Airlines, the country's flag carrier, and Cebu Pacific, the country's main low-cost airline; both have international flghts and many domestic flights. Philippines Air Asia also has many domestic flights and many international airlines also fly to Manila.
The Clark International Airport (CRK) is the other main international airport serving central and northern Luzon; it is located in the Clark Freeport Zone of Angeles City, about 80 km from Manila. Many budget airlines fly here, partly because landing fees are lower than Manila; there are good connections to many destinations in Southeast Asia and East Asia, plus some to the Middle East.
There are good roads and good bus services between the two airports; see the Clark article for details. Both airports also have good land connections to more-or-less anywhere on Luzon.

It is can be a hassle getting around but if you know your way, it is not really a big problem. Taxis are common in major cities such as Manila and Baguio. In most cities and provinces, the public jeepney is a way of going around the main roads and routes while tricycles are better for specific destinations in minor roads. There is a fixed rate in jeepneys, and fares can be found on a table pasted behind the driver.
In Metro Manila, there are the three rapid transit lines and the PNR Metro Commuter Line.

By bus

====Long-distance buses====
Provincial buses form the backbone of intercity transport, and are the easiest way of reaching places like Baguio, Batangas, Bicol, Ilocos and a lot more. Most bus lines terminate around Manila, and competition can be stiff in popular routes. Bus travel is slower than travel by low-cost carriers, but is useful if you are on budget.
For trips from Metro Manila, there are multiple bus line operators which depart from certain areas having a cluster of company-owned terminals, though the national government are doing away with them due to the congestion they cause.

Metro Manila

Metro Manila and some suburbs has city buses, mostly running north to south with higher frequency from morning till midnight. Fares are based on distance, and tickets are purchased on board through the conductor, except on the BGC Bus system around Bonifacio Global City (in Taguig), which forms its own network, has a flat fare, and operates with a driver only. Much of the city buses use 34 to 41-seater coaches which do not provide any standing room, but standing at the aisle is fairly common. Many of them stop practically anywhere on demand, though some cities (e.g. Makati) are stricter in regard where they can pick up or alight.
A far better alternative are the point-to-point (P2P) buses, express services that have better on-board amenities, and primarily terminate near malls and central business districts. Fares are quite a premium, but the ride is more comfortable and they are fairly more punctual.

By train

The Philippine National Railways (PNR) operates the Commuter Express in Metro Manila, a once-daily commuter service between Manila and Biñan, Laguna (which is also part of the Commuter Express, but uses different trains), and the Bicol Commuter between Naga and towns in Camarines Sur and Albay.

By boat

Ferries connect the outlying islands with mainland Luzon, and also between other islands. The ports of Batangas and Manila have boats and ferries connecting with other islands off Luzon and elsewhere in the Philippines.
Roll-on/roll-off (RO/RO) ferries connect mainland Luzon with Mindoro (from Batangas), Masbate (from Pio Duran in Albay and Pilar in Sorsogon), and Catanduanes (from Tabaco).
Around Metro Manila, anywhere along the Pasig River can be reached by a ferry ride, and Cavite City can be reached by boat from Pasay.

By car

Luzon has tolled expressways, that are completely grade-separated since about 2018, have at least two lanes per direction separated by a median barrier, and elevated interchanges. There are about 11 expressways in operation as of 2019, but they are not well interconnected, and driving through Manila means you must face its notorious traffic jams until the elevated Skyway — which connects the two major north-south routes, North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) and South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) — is completed by 2020 or 2021. Tolls are fairly cheap, for example, driving at the North Luzon Expressway from Manila to Angeles (and vice versa) costs about (roughly US$3.60-3.95). The roads are well signed and marked, but driving habits are sometimes unnerving even with stricter traffic law enforcement, and night driving can still be challenging even with guideposts and reflectors.
All the other major roads in Luzon are national roads, generally two-lane highways, though many have been expanded to four lanes, and some urban sections may have six or more, and may have a median. Lower level roads maintained by the local governments may be better or worse depending on economic conditions; in general, roads around Manila and surrounding provinces are maintained well, while conditions are worse elsewhere in Luzon.
Streets in most cities and town centers date back to Spanish times, so expect narrow streets and blind corners. Houses and buildings tend to encroach the road due to the high population density, especially on residential streets.
Roads in the Cordillera region are curvy and winding to negotiate the rugged terrain, and landslides can cause road closures during rainy season. Driving between Central Luzon and Cagayan Valley also involves mountain driving.

By plane

Flying within Luzon is expensive, as long-distance buses have good coverage of most cities and large towns, but they beat buses in speed. Air travel is the only convenient mean of reaching Batanes, though tickets are a premium to local standards.

Luzon is mostly fairly safe, but it is always good to pay keen attention to your surroundings. Common crimes include pickpocketing, other small thefts, and various common scams used mainly against tourists.
While the region has tolled expressways that are good quality, traffic, and local driving habits are nerve-racking. While many drivers obey pedestrian crossings and traffic lights, always watch out, especially in the countryside, where traffic enforcement is virtually non-existent. Raising a hand before you cross is advisable, as not all drivers, especially motorcyclists and truckers, respect pedestrian crossings.

The main nearby destinations are Palawan to the west or the Visayas to the south.