Memphis (Egypt)

The ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis (Men-Nefer, beautiful harbor) was first established towards the end of the 4th millennium BCE by the Pharaoh Narmer, at the time of his Unification of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. The boundary between the Two Lands was located close to the ancient city and its foundation was therefore imbued with a certain amount of political symbolism. Memphis remained the capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom period, at the time when the great Pyramids were being built. Central power returned to the city when the New Kingdom pharaohs made it once again Egypt's northern and main administrative capital, alongside the religious and ceremonial capital at Luxor in the south.
Memphis was the chief cult city of the Egyptian god of wisdom and craftsmanship, Ptah, whose great temple, Het-ka-Ptah (meaning "Enclosure of the ka of Ptah"), was one of the most prominent structures in the city. Its name, rendered in Greek as Aί γυ πτoς (Ai-gy-ptos) by the historian Manetho, is believed to be the etymological origin of the modern English name Egypt. Although little remains of their achievements today, having been revaged by the depredations of time, the flood plain environment and the cannibalism of its stone for the building of medieval Cairo, the pharaohs and priests of Ptah once endowed the city with vast temple complexes and built their cemeteries on the desert hills adjoining it to the east and (especially!) to the west. Today "Memphis and its Necropolis" are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

By taxi / cab

By far the easiest way of visiting Memphis is to hire a taxi for the day - a visit to the city can best be combined with visits to Saqqara and other nearby sites. A taxi from downtown Cairo to take you to Memphis, wait an hour, and return to Cairo will be around 200 LE. Tickets to get into the Memphis complex cost 35 LE.

• Colossus of Ramesses IIThis 10m (33ft) tall statue of Ramses II was discovered in 1820 by Giovanni Caviglia, near the entrance of the temple of Ptah. The statue is now located in a small indoor museum, near where it was discovered.

A small rest-house is located across the road from the museum - beware the notoriously inflated prices (best to bring drinks and snacks with you from your accommodation base!).

Visitors to Memphis should make it a priority to also visit the main ancient necropolis of the city, located nearby (3 km distance) on the desert plateau at Saqqara. The adjoining cemeteries at Abusir and Dahshur are also well worth a visit.