Philippine Revolution
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Understand
The Spanish colonial empire was beginning to collapse, starting with the wars for independence in Latin America. Support for a Filipino nation grew as the Philippines opened to world trade, rebellions against the colonial administration were quelled violently, revolutions raged in Europe, and the local intelligentsia discovered liberalism. The Philippines, previously ruled by Spain through Mexico, was placed under direct control from Madrid after Mexico declared independence in 1815.
Spain was also experiencing an internal crisis as the First Spanish Republic was founded after the 1868 revolution that ended the absolute monarchy under Queen Isabella II; the newly appointed Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre introduced the idea of liberalism, but his rule lasted only until 1871, when the monarchy was restored. A Filipino mutiny in 1872 in Cavite was suppressed, and Filipino secular priests Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, better known as the Gomburza, were falsely accused of leading the mutiny and executed on the garrotte in Bagumbayan, Manila. The executions shocked Filipinos, and inspired José Rizal, then a child during 1872, to write El Filibusterismo in memory of the three priests.
One of the members of the Propaganda Movement was José Rizal, who wrote Noli me Tángere and El Filibusterismo, novels that exposed the sociopolitical and religious abuses by the Spaniards. When he returned from the Americas, Rizal formed La Liga Filipina, a political organization seeking reforms to the colonial administration, but when the Spaniards discovered his arrival to the Philippines, they arrested him and exiled him to the town of Dapitan in Zamboanga.
Spain was also experiencing an internal crisis as the First Spanish Republic was founded after the 1868 revolution that ended the absolute monarchy under Queen Isabella II; the newly appointed Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre introduced the idea of liberalism, but his rule lasted only until 1871, when the monarchy was restored. A Filipino mutiny in 1872 in Cavite was suppressed, and Filipino secular priests Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, better known as the Gomburza, were falsely accused of leading the mutiny and executed on the garrotte in Bagumbayan, Manila. The executions shocked Filipinos, and inspired José Rizal, then a child during 1872, to write El Filibusterismo in memory of the three priests.
Propaganda Movement
Even after the execution of the Gomburza, Filipinos suspected of inciting rebellions were sent to Spanish penal colonies. Others managed to escape into major cities around the world, where they met Filipino students and other exiles. Many of them formed the Propaganda Movement (Kilusang Propaganda) that vocally criticized Spanish abuses and called for reforms.One of the members of the Propaganda Movement was José Rizal, who wrote Noli me Tángere and El Filibusterismo, novels that exposed the sociopolitical and religious abuses by the Spaniards. When he returned from the Americas, Rizal formed La Liga Filipina, a political organization seeking reforms to the colonial administration, but when the Spaniards discovered his arrival to the Philippines, they arrested him and exiled him to the town of Dapitan in Zamboanga.
Destinations
- – The last Spanish stronghold at the end of the Revolution. A local parish church, used by Spanish soldiers as their hiding place until surrender, was besieged by Filipino revolutionaries.
- – Town in Zamboanga del Norte where Jose Rizal was placed in exile.
- – Site of the Battle of Alapan in 1898.
- – Site of the Declaration of Independence in 1898, and hometown of Emilio Aguinaldo.
- – Home to Barasoain Church, where the Malolos Convention was held.
- – Site of the Battle of Pinaglabanan.