Yorkshire

The confusing administrative divisions of the region complicate defining Yorkshire. For the traveller it is best understood as four counties, North, South, East and West. Traditionally, Yorkshire was treated as a single huge county that was correspondingly subdivided into three large areas, known as "ridings", and one small area for the city of York, which did not belong to any riding. Today, North and East Yorkshire correspond roughly to the old North and East Ridings, while the West Riding has mainly been split between South and West Yorkshire. The following four divisions are those that would be reasonably recognised by most Yorkshire people:
Yorkshire, national parks in green, areas of outstanding natural beauty in grey-green:

• - the ancient county town, rich in Roman, Viking and medieval history, with a beautiful walled centre and breathtaking Minster
• - a multicultural city with fantastic architecture and even better curry
• - William Wilberforce and Philip Larkin once called this Humber-side port home
• - Yorkshire's cosmopolitan capital oozes culture, boasts fascinating museums and offers the best luxury shopping in the North
• - the other "City of Seven Hills", quite literally steeped in industrial heritage and famed for a progressive music scene
• - known for mystery plays and the Rhubarb Triangle

• National Parks - The North York Moors (North Yorkshire), the Yorkshire Dales (North Yorkshire) and part of the Peak District (South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire), Britain's first National Park established in 1951.
• Brontë Country - A literature-inspiring region of moorland and atmospheric villages, close to Bradford, Keighley and Halifax
• Gripping coastline - Cliffs, beaches, villages and spa towns like Scarborough. Also enjoy a bracing walk and fish and chips in Whitby
• Harrogate - A beautiful Victorian spa town near York

Proudly claimed to be God's own county, Yorkshire has wonderful countryside, great cities and warm locals which have a long history of attracting visitors. The people have a strong regional identity and a distinctive dialect (see below in 'Talk' for details) and culture. The emblem of Yorkshire is a white rose, which can occasionally be seen on flags in the county.

History

Roman Emperor Constantine I was a notable early visitor. He was proclaimed Emperor in Eboracum (today's York) in AD 306. Later, the region was popular with Danish Vikings who left their mark on the area: Eboracum became Jórvík. In 1066, the Battle of Stamford Bridge in the East Riding of Yorkshire, played an important part in the lead up to that year's main fixture, the Battle of Hastings.
The Norman Conquest put York on the religious map when William the Conqueror looked at England and thought that a cathedral in York would be a nice counterpoint to one in Canterbury. Little did he realize that northern England had not been fully subjugated and that the cathedral's construction would require a campaign of genocide (known as the Harrying of the North) against the not so friendly locals.
The overthrow of King Richard II in 1399 led to antagonisms between the Royal houses of York and Lancaster which came to a head in the Wars of the Roses, a 20 year series of conflicts. The Yorkists lost the war at the battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 but had the consolation of hosting and winning the bloodiest battle ever on English soil, the Battle of Towton (near Selby, North Yorkshire), in which 28,000 people died.
Leeds' industrial history took form in the 16th and 17th centuries as it was a regional centre of wool processing. Huddersfield, Hull and Sheffield were also important wool centres. Coal mining became important to West Yorkshire. North Yorkshire retained its agricultural base, which now complements its tourist sector.
In the 19th century, Harrogate and Scarborough flourished as spa towns believed to have healing mineral waters. Both remain desirable get-aways. At this time, the industrial revolution was driven by coal, textile and steel (particularly in Sheffield). This greatly changed the way of life for many people who moved to crowded cities that lacked the infrastructure to support them. Cholera outbreaks were a big risk.
The 20th century saw the decline of the industrial centres, many of which spent several decades in the economic wilderness. Urban regeneration projects and a shifting of corporate focus away from London has led to these towns now hosting professional services in addition to a modern industrial sector.

One of the most prominent features of Yorkshire culture is in the distinctive regional accent and dialect. Some features of the dialect, such as the stereotypical "ey up" greeting and TV catchphrase "trouble at t'mill", have entered into British popular culture. Many tourist souvenirs focus on the dialect, for example in the proliferation of Yorkshire - English "phrasebooks". There's even an online translatorǃ
Generally, Yorkshire folk speak quite understandable English, and even many dialect speakers have a posh voice that they can put on for tourists, but here are some particularities of the dialect to watch out for:

• The definite article (the) is often rendered down to a brief glottal stop before the noun; this is often written as t when writers attempt to capture this sound on paper, e.g. "Let's go down t'pub!"
• Ey up and Ow do - both greetings, meaning "hi" and "how do you do?" "Ey up" is also quite diverse in its uses, with other meanings such as "look at that", "what is that?", or "don't do that!", depending on context.
• Owt and nowt - mean "anything" and "nothing", respectively. The (very much tongue in cheek) Yorkshireman's motto, playing on the stereotype of Yorkshire people's lack of generosity, is "'Ear all, see all, say nowt. Eyt all, drink all, pay nowt. And if ivver tha does owt fer nowt, allus do it for thissen!"
• Love, pal, pet and duck - often used as a term of endearment between members of the same and opposite sex (yes, even between two men!), among both friends and strangers. Examples of these are "Ey up, duck", "Alreyt, pet!", "Thanks, pal!" or "Yes, love?" This is just a Yorkshire way of being friendly, and is in no way to be taken as condescending, rude, or flirtatious even if you think it's unusual.
• Reyt good - means "right good", or "very good", especially in Sheffield.
• Mardy - means "sulky" or "moody", and "Stop being such a mardy bum!" therefore means "cheer up, and stop complaining!" (And if there's one thing Yorkshiremen know how to do, it's complain.)
• Snicket and Ginnell - The former is a covered alley, the latter an uncovered one. For example, "I 'eard 'im racin' dahn t' snicket!" = "I heard him running down the alley".

The Yorkshire dialect is one of the few varieties of Modern English which still use the old thou form of you. Thou, spoken as tha, and thee mean 'you'; thy means 'your', thine is 'yours', and thissen means 'yourself'. There are also words like hither (move to here) sethee (make sure, literally see that you) duntha (down the) and numerous others and if spoken as dialect is very difficult to understand by people from outside the region.
As Yorkshire is a large region, there isn't by any means a unified dialect or accent; in reality they change from town to town. However, these differences are for the most part imperceptible to non-locals. The speech of some small industrial towns in West and South Yorkshire may be especially difficult to understand, though these are not popular tourist destinations.

By air

The region's major airport is Leeds Bradford Airport, which is very well connected. Doncaster Sheffield Airport also offers flights to Europe & North America. Manchester Airport in North West England is also a good option for accessing South and West Yorkshire. Hull is served by Humberside International Airport, which is on the south side of the River Humber in the East Midlands.

By train

East Coast or TransPennine Express run regular trains from the major British cities and connecting trains from smaller places.
Sheffield and Leeds are easily accessible from mainland Europe through Eurostar connection services at London St Pancras International station.

By road

The M1 connects Yorkshire with the south of England. The A1 runs north-south through the region and the M62 runs east-west. The major coach operators connect major towns and cities in Yorkshire with each other and the rest of the country

By boat

Ferries connect Hull with Rotterdam in The Netherlands and Zeebrugge in Belgium. Buses connect central Hull with the port.

• Yorkshire's rail network is extensive, particularly in the more industrial south and around the Leeds conurbation. There are various scenic routes through the countryside and along the coast. One of the UK's most scenic rail journeys, Settle to Carlisle, starts in Settle, North Yorkshire, while the Esk Valley line is a hidden gem, running from Middlesbrough through the Esk Valley to the coast at Whitby. Wikivoyage has a guide to Rail travel in the United Kingdom, including a section on the Settle-Carlisle Line.
• West Yorkshire's 'Metro' brand offers rail rovers (single and family) as well as rail and bus rovers and multi-modal bus tickets which offer low price travel around the West Yorkshire area
• Yorkshire is well connected by motorways. The M62 runs east-west across the region and the M1 & A1(M) run north-south. There are also a number of scenic trunk road routes, including the A59 into Lancashire, and the A64 and A170 routes to Scarborough and the coast.
• Its industrial heritage has left Yorkshire with a sizable canal network which allows for slow and scenic longboat journeys

• Robin Hood's Bay - famous area for hiking, south of Whitby
• Whitby - delightful seaside town with spectacular cliffs
• Fountains Abbey, near Ripon - the best preserved medieval abbey ruin in England
• Rievaulx Abbey, near Helmsley
• Sutton Bank - edge of the Hambleton Hills and a viewpoint for miles around, on the edge of the North York Moors
• Scarborough's cliffs, bays and castle
• Malham's fascinating limestone pavements
• The Yorkshire Three Peaks - the Yorkshire Dales hills of Ingleborough, Whernside, and Pen-y-ghent
• Wharram Percy - an excavated mediaeval village on the Yorkshire Wolds. South of Malton
• Salt's Mill, a world heritage site in Saltaire near Bradford
• The Humber Bridge, a large suspension bridge linking East Yorkshire across the River Humber to Lincolnshire (Kingston upon Hull - Barton-upon-Humber)
• Rosebery Topping - the "mini matterhorn", the last hill of the North York Moors which overlooks industrial Teesside
• Eden Camp,Malton - a wartime base turned into a museum
• Castle Howard, a stately home famous to many as the setting for the TV series Brideshead Revisited. North York Moors
• Bolton Abbey, Skipton
• The Settle-Carlisle Railway, an historic and scenic railway line which features the Ribblehead Viaduct, a scheduled ancient monument
• The Leeds-Liverpool Canal, an historic and scenic waterway

Yorkshire is a prime region for outdoor activities with a fantastic natural heritage and amazing scenery including three National Parks.

• Walk - routes such as the Coast to Coast Path, the Pennine Way, the Cleveland Way, the Wolds Way National Trails, the Nidderdale Way and the Ingleton Waterfalls Walk.
• Sports - Yorkshire has a wealth of professional sports teams (association football, cricket, rugby, ice hockey etc.) to watch and facilities to enjoy practising sports yourself.

Cycling: lots of scenic routes, though the gradients will get your attention. Following the success of the 2014 staging here of the Tour de France, the Tour de Yorkshire is held annually in early summer. The next event is 2-5 May 2019. Check the website and local listings for where to watch, and road closures.

Horse racing: there are nine racecourses in Yorkshire, all with regular flat-races April to October, and some with jumps races in winter. The courses are at Beverley, Catterick near Richmond, Doncaster, Pontefract, Redcar near Middlesbrough, Ripon, Thirsk, Wetherby and York.

Heritage railways - there are at least seven in Yorkshire, often steam-hauled. Those that could be called a "proper railway", ie you make a real journey of several miles, are:

• Music - from the Leeds Symphony Orchestra to Sheffield being the home of Def Leppard, Arctic Monkeys and Pulp, there's something for everyone.

A few of the region's specialities include:

• Curry - Bradford won a 2011 vote to become the Curry Capital of Great Britain
• Liquorice - a black confection associated with Pontefract. Bertie Bassett's Licquorice Allsorts are produced in Sheffield.
• Wensleydale - a crumbly white or blue cheese traditionally eaten with sweet desserts. Wensleydale has attracted famous fans in the form of animated characters Wallace and Gromit (even though they're from Lancashire!). You can visit the Wensleydale Creamery in Hawes.
• Yorkshire Parkin - a ginger cake traditionally made around Guy Fawkes' Night
• Yorkshire Pudding - made from a batter. It can be eaten savoury or sweet, either as an accompaniment or an edible pie dish

• Ale - two of the UK's best-selling bitters, Tetley's and John Smiths, have their breweries in Yorkshire, traditional pubs may also provide Theakston's Old Peculiar and Black Sheep Ale, which are brewed in Masham, North Yorkshire
• Tea houses - enjoy a cup in a pretty town like Harrogate
• Mineral water - produced in several Yorkshire towns, such as Keighley

York, Sheffield and Leeds are the most convenient bases for exploring the region and have a wide variety of accommodation options to suit every budget. Of course, exploring Yorkshire's stunning countryside involves getting out of the towns and into the many hotels, guesthouses and B&Bs that are scattered throughout the region.

Yorkshire in general is quite safe. But like many places in the north of England, the collapse of various industries in Yorkshire has had a devastating effect on the economy, thus crime rates have become very high in some areas, mostly due to high unemployment. It's very unlikely that tourists will be victims of crime, but you should keep your wits about you if you decide to venture into areas that aren't tourist oriented.
Out in the countryside there is little risk of crime (other than valuables left on view in cars in isolated places), though if going walking in winter take sensible precautions against the weather. Also make sure you have a map and compass if you decide to go off the beaten track, you can very easily get lost without them.
In towns and cities, keep valuables out of sight, and stick to well-lit busy areas at night as is recommended for all UK towns and cities.

• Manchester and Liverpool in North West England are easily accessible from Leeds and the other Yorkshire cities
• Historic Lincoln in the East Midlands is only a short trip from South Yorkshire
• Middlesbrough in North East England is a good base for accessing Whitby and the North Yorkshire coast
• The stunning countryside of Cumbria is just a short car journey away from the Yorkshire Dales.